Visual Basic-to-LiveCode cheat sheet
Programmers coming into LiveCode from Visual Basic or another Basic language may find the following helpful in figuring out the differences in environments.
In most cases a direct translation of VB to LiveCode is not the best way to code any given problem. As with any programming language, there are many ways to accomplish any task. Direct translation will provide the fastest way to get a project converted, but from there out a rethinking of the code will provide code that executes faster in fewer lines, is more readable and maintainable, and may offer new insights into how to solve a problem.
The following is a starting point for developers looking into converting an existing project or coming to grips with the differences.
Assignments
XTalk languages follow a natural-language approach. In general, statements are of the imperative form in which there is an implied second-person subject of the statement (you) and the verb is the first word of the line: "put value into container", "add 1 to someVariable", etc.
Thus the VB syntax in which some statements have an implied verb ("X=4" instead of "LET X=4") must be translated to LiveCode syntax "put 4 into x".
| BASIC | LiveCode |
|---|---|
|
lblTemperature.Text = 98.6 |
put 98.6 into field "lblTemperature" |
|
xyz = xyz + 1 |
add 1 to xyz |
|
let x = 3.14 |
put 3.14 into x |
Arrays
Arrays: Arrays in LiveCode are associative - the index may be, but does not need to be, numeric in order to access array elements. The VB array syntax arrayName(index) is replaced by arrayName[index]. There is no VB equivalent for a non-numeric array index.
| BASIC | LiveCode |
|---|---|
|
arrayName(4) = "hello" |
put "hello" into arrayName[4] |
|
put "hello" into arrayName["greeting"] |
|
|
put "bonjour" into arrayName["greeting",tCurrentLanguage] |
|
|
put "bonjour" into arrayName["greeting"][tCurrentLanguage] |
|
|
put translationArray["hello"]["French"] into field "localizedGreeting" |
User-defined types
While there are no user-defined types in LiveCode, their use can be simulated using arrays:
PrivateType Node
Row As Integer --row of the actual node
Col As Integer --column of the actual node
ParentId As Integer --parent node
ScoreF As Integer --Score F (total cost)
ScoreG As Integer --Score G (Cost of the path done)
ScoreH As Integer --Score H (Estimated cost of the path to do)
Closed As Boolean --indicates if the node is in the close list
EndType| BASIC | LiveCode |
|---|---|
|
|
| BASIC | LiveCode |
|---|---|
|
|
|
Return values
The odd VB syntax of returning a value from a function (procedure) by assigning the value to the name of the procedure is replaced in LiveCode by the more standard return keyword.
| BASIC | LiveCode |
|---|---|
|
|
Similarities
Similarities: LiveCode, like VB, is not case-specific: somevariable is the same as someVariable, as are SOMEVARIABLE and sOmEvArIAblE. Unless explicitVars is set to true (enable variable checking in the menu) variables do not need to be declared before use. This is similar to VB's OPTION EXPLICIT. In LiveCode, single-word string literals should be, but in general do not have to be (unless explicitVars is true), quoted:
put red into tCurrentColor
put "black" into tCurrentColor
answer hello
answer "hello, sailor"The following are not necessary in LiveCode:
REDIM
LET
PI is already defined as a constantDirect mapping from VB to LiveCode
The following VB constants map directly to the following LiveCode keywords:
| BASIC | LiveCode |
|---|---|
|
vbCRLF |
cr or return |
|
vbKeyReturn |
cr or return |
|
vbNewLine |
Cr |
|
vbOKOnly |
"OK" |
|
vbNullString |
Empty |
|
vbBlack |
"black" |
|
vbWhite |
"white" |
|
vbRed |
"red" |
|
vbBlue |
"blue" |
|
vbGreen |
"green" |
|
vbYellow |
"yellow" |
|
vbMagenta |
"magenta" |
|
vbCyan |
"cyan" |
more direct mapping:
| BASIC | LiveCode |
|---|---|
|
' (comment indicator) |
"--" or "#" or "//" |
|
DIM X AS INTEGER |
local x or global x |
|
PROCEDURE SomeProc |
function SomeProc |
|
DO |
repeat |
| WHILE | repeat while |
| WEND | end while |
| LOOP | end while |
| SELECT CASE |
switch (use break statement between cases) |
| END SELECT | end switch |
| CASE ELSE | default |
|
OPEN fileName as "x" |
open file fileName |
|
CLOSE "x" |
close file fileName |
|
OPTION EXPLICIT |
explicitVars |
|
TRIM(SomeString) |
word 1 to -1 of SomeString |
No mapping
The following VB keywords have no mapping:
- on error
- use try/catch construct
The following constructs have no direct equivalent:
- WITH
- END WITH
- GOTO label
- dot notation:
- instead of "lblMyLabel.Height" use "the height of field "MyLabel"
- Timer controls
- possibly use invisible buttons with "send 'Timer' to me in (the interval of me) milliseconds"
- System and ActiveX controls in external libraries
Screen coordinates
VB screen coordinates are in Twips rather than in pixels. There are usually 15 twips per pixel, although this can vary depending on display characteristics.
Switch statements
SELECT CASE/CASE/CASE ELSE/END SELECT constructs are represented by the switch construct in LiveCode. The biggest difference is that individual case statements need "break" statements to separate them (as in C or java) and to keep the code from falling through into the next case. In VB different case items that should execute the same code are placed on the same line; in LiveCode they are placed on separate lines.
| BASIC | LiveCode |
|---|---|
|
SELECT CASE tValue |
switch tValue |
|
CASE 1 routine1 |
case 1 routine1 break |
|
CASE 2, CASE 3 routine2 |
case2 case3 routine2 break |
|
CASE ELSE routine3 |
default routine3 |
|
END SELECT |
end switch |
I appreciate the idea of the cheat sheet, but the formatting is bad. Is ist possible to use an table with 2 columns for the sections with the code examples?